28 KiB
Object Dictionary
Definitions from CiA 301
The Object Dictionary is a collection of all the data items which have an influence on the behavior of the application objects, the communication objects and the state machine used on this device. It serves as an interface between the communication and the application. The object dictionary is essentially a grouping of objects accessible via the network in an ordered pre-defined fashion. Each object within the object dictionary is addressed using a 16-bit index and a 8-bit sub-index.
A SDO (Service Data Object) is providing direct access to object entries of a CANopen device's object dictionary. As these object entries may contain data of arbitrary size and data type. SDOs may be used to transfer multiple data sets (each containing an arbitrary large block of data) from a client to a server and vice versa. The client shall control via a multiplexer (index and sub-index of the object dictionary) which data set shall be transferred. The content of the data set is defined within the object dictionary.
A PDO (Process Data Object) is providing real-time data transfer of object entries of a CANopen device's object dictionary. The transfer of PDO is performed with no protocol overhead. The PDO correspond to objects in the object dictionary and provide the interface to the application objects. Data type and mapping of application objects into a PDO is determined by a corresponding PDO mapping structure within the object dictionary.
Operation
Terms
The term OD object means object from object dictionary located at specific 16-bit index. There are different types of OD objects in CANopen: variables, arrays and records (structures). Each OD object contains pointer to actual data, data length(s) and attribute(s). See @ref OD_objectTypes_t.
The term OD variable is basic variable of specified type. For example: int8_t, uint32_t, float64_t, ... or just sequence of binary data with known or unknown data length. Each OD variable resides in Object dictionary at specified 16-bit index and 8-bit sub-index.
The term OD entry means structure element, which contains some basic properties of the OD object, indication of type of OD object and pointer to all necessary data for the OD object. An array of OD entries together with information about total number of OD entries represents object dictionary as defined inside CANopenNode. See @ref OD_entry_t and @ref OD_t.
Access
Application and the stack have access to OD objects via universal @ref OD_t object and @ref OD_find() function. No direct access to custom structures, which define object dictionary, is required. Properties for specific OD variable is fetched with @ref OD_getSub() function. Access to actual variable is via read and write functions. Pointer to those two functions is fetched by @ref OD_getSub(). See @ref OD_stream_t and @ref OD_subEntry_t. See also shortcuts: @ref CO_ODgetSetters, for access to data of different type.
Optional extensions
There are some optional extensions to the object dictionary:
- PDO flags informs application, if specific OD variable was received or sent by PDO. And also gives the application ability to request a TPDO, to which variable is possibly mapped.
- IO extension gives the application ability to take full control over the OD object. Application can specify own read and write functions and own object, on which they operate.
Example usage
extern const OD_t ODxyz;
void myFunc(const OD_t *od) {
ODR_t ret;
const OD_entry_t *entry;
OD_subEntry_t subEntry;
OD_IO_t io1008;
char buf[50];
OD_size_t bytesRd;
int error = 0;
/* Init IO for "Manufacturer device name" at index 0x1008, sub-index 0x00 */
entry = OD_find(od, 0x1008);
ret = OD_getSub(entry, 0x00, &subEntry, &io1008.stream, false);
io1008.read = subEntry.read;
/* Read with io1008, subindex = 0x00 */
if (ret == ODR_OK)
bytesRd = io1008.read(&io1008.stream, 0x00, &buf[0], sizeof(buf), &ret);
if (ret != ODR_OK) error++;
/* Use helper and set "Producer heartbeat time" at index 0x1017, sub 0x00 */
ret = OD_set_u16(OD_find(od, 0x1017), 0x00, 500, false);
if (ret != ODR_OK) error++;
}
There is no need to include ODxyt.h file, it is only necessary to know, we have ODxyz defined somewhere.
Second example is simpler and use helper function to access OD variable. However it is not very efficient, because it goes through all search procedures.
If access to the same variable is very frequent, it is better to use first example. After initialization, application has to remember only "io1008" object. Frequent reading of the variable is then very efficient.
Simple access to OD via globals
Some simple user applications can also access some OD variables directly via globals.
@warning If OD object has IO extension enabled, then direct access to its OD variables must not be used. Only valid access is via read or write or helper functions.
#include ODxyz.h
void myFuncGlob(void) {
//Direct address instead of OD_find()
const OD_entry_t *entry_errReg = ODxyz_1001_errorRegister;
//Direct access to OD variable
uint32_t devType = ODxyz_0.x1000_deviceType;
ODxyz_0.x1018_identity.serialNumber = 0x12345678;
}
Object dictionary example
Actual Object dictionary for one CANopen device is defined by pair of OD_xyz.h and ODxyz.h files.
Suffix "xyz" is unique name of the object dictionary. If single default object dictionary is used, suffix is omitted. Such way configuration with multiple object dictionaries is possible.
Data for OD definition are arranged inside multiple structures. Structures are different for different configuration of OD. Data objects, created with those structures, are constant or are variable.
Actual OD variables are arranged inside multiple structures, so called storage groups. Selected groups can optionally be stored to non-volatile memory.
@warning Manual editing of ODxyz.h/.c files is very error-prone.
Pair of ODxyz.h/.c files can be generated by OD editor tool. The tool can edit standard CANopen device description file in xml format. Xml file may include also some non-standard elements, specific to CANopenNode. Xml file is then used for automatic generation of ODxyz.h/.c files.
Example ODxyz.h file
typedef struct {
uint32_t x1000_deviceType;
uint8_t x1001_errorRegister;
struct {
uint8_t maxSubIndex;
uint32_t vendorID;
uint32_t productCode;
uint32_t revisionNumber;
uint32_t serialNumber;
} x1018_identity;
} ODxyz_0_t;
typedef struct {
uint8_t x1001_errorRegister;
} ODxyz_1_t;
extern ODxyz_0_t ODxyz_0;
extern ODxyz_1_t ODxyz_1;
extern const OD_t ODxyz;
#define ODxyz_ENTRY_H1000 &ODxyz.list[0]
#define ODxyz_ENTRY_H1001 &ODxyz.list[1]
#define ODxyz_ENTRY_H1018 &ODxyz.list[2]
Example ODxyz.c file
#define OD_DEFINITION
#include "301/CO_ODinterface.h"
#include "ODxyz.h"
typedef struct {
OD_extensionIO_t xio_1001_errorRegister;
} ODxyz_ext_t;
typedef struct {
OD_obj_var_t o_1000_deviceType;
OD_obj_var_t orig_1001_errorRegister;
OD_obj_extended_t o_1001_errorRegister;
OD_obj_var_t o_1018_identity[5];
} ODxyz_objs_t;
ODxyz_0_t ODxyz_0 = {
.x1000_deviceType = 0L,
.x1018_identity = {
.maxSubIndex = 4,
.vendorID = 0L,
.productCode = 0L,
.revisionNumber = 0L,
.serialNumber = 0L,
},
};
ODxyz_1_t ODxyz_1 = {
.x1001_errorRegister = 0,
};
static ODxyz_ext_t ODxyz_ext = {0};
static const ODxyz_objs_t ODxyz_objs = {
.o_1000_deviceType = {
.data = &ODxyz_0.x1000_deviceType,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R | ODA_MB,
.dataLength = 4,
},
.orig_1001_errorRegister = {
.data = &ODxyz_1.x1001_errorRegister,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R,
.dataLength = 1,
},
.o_1001_errorRegister = {
.flagsPDO = NULL,
.extIO = &ODxyz_ext.xio_1001_errorRegister,
.odObjectOriginal = &ODxyz_objs.orig_1001_errorRegister,
},
.o_1018_identity = {
{
.data = &ODxyz_0.x1018_identity.maxSubIndex,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R,
.dataLength = 1,
},
{
.data = &ODxyz_0.x1018_identity.vendorID,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R | ODA_MB,
.dataLength = 4,
},
{
.data = &ODxyz_0.x1018_identity.productCode,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R | ODA_MB,
.dataLength = 4,
},
{
.data = &ODxyz_0.x1018_identity.revisionNumber,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R | ODA_MB,
.dataLength = 4,
},
{
.data = &ODxyz_0.x1018_identity.serialNumber,
.attribute = ODA_SDO_R | ODA_MB,
.dataLength = 4,
},
}
};
static const OD_entry_t ODxyz_list[] = {
{0x1000, 0, 0, ODT_VAR, &ODxyz_objs.o_1000_deviceType},
{0x1001, 0, 1, ODT_EVAR, &ODxyz_objs.o_1001_errorRegister},
{0x1018, 4, 0, ODT_REC, &ODxyz_objs.o_1018_identity},
{0x0000, 0, 0, 0, NULL}
};
const OD_t OD = {
(sizeof(OD_list) / sizeof(OD_list[0])) - 1,
&ODxyz_list[0]
};
XML device description
CANopen device description - XML schema definition - is specified by CiA 311 standard.
CiA 311 complies with standard ISO 15745-1:2005/Amd1 (Industrial automation systems and integration - Open systems application integration framework).
CANopen device description is basically a XML file with all the information about CANopen device. The larges part of the file is a list of all object dictionary variables with all necessary properties and documentation. This file can be edited with OD editor application and can be used as data source, from which Object dictionary for CANopenNode is generated. Furthermore, this file can be used with CANopen configuration tool, which interacts with CANopen devices on running CANopen network.
XML schema definitions are available at: http://www.canopen.org/xml/1.1 One of the tools for viewing XML schemas is "xsddiagram" (https://github.com/dgis/xsddiagram).
CANopen specifies also another type of files for CANopen device description. These are EDS files, which are in INI format. It is possible to convert between those two formats. But CANopenNode uses XML format.
The device description file has "XDD" file extension. The name of this file shall contain the vendor-ID of the CANopen device in the form of 8 hexadecimal digits in any position of the name and separated with underscores. For example "name1_12345678_name2.XDD".
CANopenNode includes multiple profile definition files, one for each CANopen object. Those files have "XPD" extension. They are in the same XML format as XDD files. The XML editor tool can use XPD files to insert prepared data into device description file (XDD), which is being edited.
XDD, XPD file example
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ISO15745ProfileContainer xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.canopen.org/xml/1.0">
<ISO15745Profile>
<ProfileHeader>...</ProfileHeader>
<ProfileBody xsi:type="ProfileBody_Device_CANopen" fileName="..." fileCreator="..." fileCreationDate="..." fileVersion="...">
<DeviceIdentity>...</DeviceIdentity>
<DeviceFunction>...</DeviceFunction>
<ApplicationProcess>
<dataTypeList>...</dataTypeList>
<parameterList>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_1000" access="read">
<label lang="en">Device type</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<UINT/>
<defaultValue value="0x00000000" />
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_1001" access="read">
<label lang="en">Error register</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<BYTE/>
<defaultValue value="0" />
<property name="CO_storageGroup" value="1">
<property name="CO_extensionIO" value="true">
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_1018">
<label lang="en">Identity</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<dataTypeIDRef uniqueIDRef="..." />
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_101800" access="read">
<label lang="en">max sub-index</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<USINT/>
<defaultValue value="4" />
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_101801" access="read">
<label lang="en">Vendor-ID</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<UINT/>
<defaultValue value="0x00000000" />
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_101802" access="read">
<label lang="en">Product code</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<UINT/>
<defaultValue value="0x00000000" />
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_101803" access="read">
<label lang="en">Revision number</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<UINT/>
<defaultValue value="0x00000000" />
</parameter>
<parameter uniqueID="UID_PARAM_101804" access="read">
<label lang="en">Serial number</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<denotation>...</denotation>
<UINT/>
<defaultValue value="0x00000000" />
</parameter>
</parameterList>
<parameterGroupList>
<parameterGroup uniqueID="UID_PG_CO_COMM">
<label lang="en">CANopen Communication Parameters</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<parameterGroup uniqueID="UID_PG_CO_COMM_COMMON">
<label lang="en">CANopen Common Communication Parameters</label>
<description lang="en">...</description>
<parameterRef uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_1000" />
<parameterRef uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_1001" />
<parameterRef uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_1018" />
</parameterGroup>
</parameterGroup>
</parameterGroupList>
</ApplicationProcess>
</ProfileBody>
</ISO15745Profile>
<ISO15745Profile>
<ProfileHeader>...</ProfileHeader>
<ProfileBody xsi:type="ProfileBody_CommunicationNetwork_CANopen" fileName="..." fileCreator="..." fileCreationDate="..." fileVersion="...">
<ApplicationLayers>
<CANopenObjectList>
<CANopenObject index="1000" name="Device type" objectType="7" PDOmapping="no" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_1000" />
<CANopenObject index="1001" name="Error register" objectType="7" PDOmapping="TPDO" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_1001" />
<CANopenObject index="1018" name="Identity" objectType="9" subNumber="5" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_1018">
<CANopenSubObject subIndex="00" name="max sub-index" objectType="7" PDOmapping="no" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_101800" />
<CANopenSubObject subIndex="01" name="Vendor-ID" objectType="7" PDOmapping="no" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_101801" />
<CANopenSubObject subIndex="02" name="Product code" objectType="7" PDOmapping="no" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_101802" />
<CANopenSubObject subIndex="03" name="Revision number" objectType="7" PDOmapping="no" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_101803" />
<CANopenSubObject subIndex="04" name="Serial number" objectType="7" PDOmapping="no" uniqueIDRef="UID_PARAM_101804" />
</CANopenObject>
</CANopenObjectList>
</ApplicationLayers>
<TransportLayers>...</TransportLayers>
</ProfileBody>
</ISO15745Profile>
</ISO15745ProfileContainer>
Parameter description
Above XML file example shows necessary data for OD interface used by CANopenNode and other parameters required by the standard. Standard specifies many other parameters, which are not used by CANopenNode for simplicity.
XML file is divided into two parts:
- "ProfileBody_Device_CANopen" - more standardized information
- "ProfileBody_CommunicationNetwork_CANopen" - communication related info
Most important part of the XML file is definition of each OD object. All OD objects are listed in "CANopenObjectList", which resides in the second part of the XML file. Each "CANopenObject" and "CANopenSubObject" of the list contains a link to parameter ("uniqueIDRef"), which resides in the first part of the XML file. So data for each OD object is split between two parts of the XML file.
<CANopenObject>
- "index" (required) - Object dictionary index
- "name" (required) - Name of the parameter
- "objectType" (required) - "7"=VAR, "8"=ARRAY, "9"=RECORD
- "subNumber" (required if "objectType" is "8" or "9")
- "PDOmapping" (optional if "objectType" is "7", default is "no"):
- "no" - mapping not allowed
- "default" - not used, same as "optional"
- "optional" - mapping allowed to TPDO or RPDO
- "TPDO" - mapping allowed to TPDO
- "RPDO" mapping allowed to RPDO
- "uniqueIDRef" (required or see below) - Reference to <parameter>
<CANopenSubObject>
- "subIndex" (required) - Object dictionary sub-index
- "name" (required) - Name of the parameter
- "objectType" (required, always "7")
- "PDOmapping" (optional, same as above, default is "no")
- "uniqueIDRef" (required or see below) - Reference to <parameter>
uniqueIDRef
This is required attribute from "CANopenObject" and "CANopenSubObject". It contains reference to <parameter> in "ProfileBody_Device_CANopen" section of the XML file. There are additional necessary properties.
If "uniqueIDRef" attribute is not specified and "objectType" is 7(VAR), then "CANopenObject" or "CANopenSubObject" must contain additional attributes:
- "dataType" (required for VAR) - CANopen basic data type, see below
- "accessType" (required for VAR) - "ro", "wo", "rw" or "const"
- "defaultValue" (optional) - Default value for the variable.
- "denotation" (optional) - Not used by CANopenNode.
<parameter>
- "uniqueID" (required)
- "access" (required for VAR) - can be one of:
- "const" - same as "read"
- "read" - only read access with SDO or PDO
- "write" - only write access with SDO or PDO
- "readWrite" - read or write access with SDO or PDO
- "readWriteInput" - same as "readWrite"
- "readWriteOutput" - same as "readWrite"
- "noAccess" - object will be in object dictionary, but no access.
- <label lang="en"> (required)
- <description lang="en"> (required)
- <UINT and similar/> (required) - Basic or complex data type. Basic data type (for VAR) is specified in IEC 61131-3 (see below). If data type is complex (ARRAY or RECORD), then <dataTypeIDRef> must be specified and entry must be added in the <dataTypeList>. Such definition of complex data types is required by the standard, but it is not required by CANopenNode.
- <defaultValue> (optional for VAR) - Default value for the variable.
Additional, optional, CANopenNode specific properties, which can be used inside parameters describing <CANopenObject>:
- <property name="CO_storageGroup" value="..."> - group into which the C variable will belong. Variables from specific storage group may then be stored into non-volatile memory, automatically or by SDO command. Valid value is from 0x00 (default - not stored) to 0x7F.
- <property name="CO_extensionIO" value="..."> - Valid value is "false" (default) or "true", if IO extension is enabled.
- <property name="CO_flagsPDO" value="..."> - Valid value is "false" (default) or "true", if PDO flags are enabled.
- <property name="CO_countLabel" value="..."> - Valid value is any string without spaces. OD exporter will generate a macro for each different string. For example, if four OD objects have "CO_countLabel" set to "TPDO", then macro "#define ODxyz_CNT_TPDO 4" will be generated by OD exporter.
Additional, optional, CANopenNode specific property, which can be used inside parameters describing "VAR":
- <property name="CO_accessSRDO" value="..."> - Valid values are: "tx", "rx", "trx", "no"(default).
- <property name="CO_byteLength" value="..."> - Length of the variable in bytes, optionally used by string or domain. If CO_byteLength is not specified for string, then length is calculated from string <defaultValue>.
CANopen basic data types
| CANopenNode | IEC 61131-3 | CANopen | dataType |
|---|---|---|---|
| bool_t | BOOL | BOOLEAN | 0x01 |
| int8_t | CHAR, SINT | INTEGER8 | 0x02 |
| int16_t | INT | INTEGER16 | 0x03 |
| int32_t | DINT | INTEGER32 | 0x04 |
| int64_t | LINT | INTEGER64 | 0x15 |
| uint8_t | BYTE, USINT | UNSIGNED8 | 0x05 |
| uint16_t | WORD, UINT | UNSIGNED16 | 0x06 |
| uint32_t | DWORD, UDINT | UNSIGNED32 | 0x07 |
| uint64_t | LWORD, ULINT | UNSIGNED64 | 0x1B |
| float32_t | REAL | REAL32 | 0x08 |
| float64_t | LREAL | REAL64 | 0x11 |
| bytestring_t | STRING | VISIBLE_STRING | 0x09 |
| bytestring_t | - | OCTET_STRING | 0x0A |
| bytestring_t | WSTRING | UNICODE_STRING | 0x0B |
| bytestring_t | - | TIME_OF_DAY | 0x0C |
| bytestring_t | - | TIME_DIFFERENCE | 0x0D |
| bytestring_t | - | DOMAIN | 0x0F |
| bytestring_t | BITSTRING | - | - |
<parameterGroupList>
This is optional element and is not required by standard, nor by CANopenNode. This can be very useful for documentation, which can be organised into multiple chapters with multiple levels. CANopen objects can then be organised in any way, not only by index.
Other elements
Other elements listed in the above XML example are required by the standard and does not influence the CANopenNode object dictionary generator.
Object dictionary requirements by CANopenNode
- Used by column indicates CANopenNode object or its part, which uses the OD object. It also indicates, if OD object is required or optional for actual configuration. For the configuration of the CANopenNode objects see Stack configuration. If CANopenNode object or its part is disabled in stack configuration, then OD object is not used. Note that OD objects: 1000, 1001 and 1017 and 1018 are mandatory for CANopen.
- CO_extensionIO column indicates, if OD object must have property "CO_extensionIO" set to true:
- "no" - no IO extension used
- "optional" - If IO extension is enabled, then writing to the OD parameter will reflect in CANopen run time, otherwise reset communication is required for changes to take effect.
- "required" - IO extension is required on OD object and init function will return error if not enabled.
- "req if DYNAMIC" - IO extension is required on OD object if CO_CONFIG_FLAG_OD_DYNAMIC is set.
- "yes, own data" - OD object don't need own data and IO extension is necessary for OD object to work. Init function will not return error, if OD object does not exist or doesn't have IO extension enabled.
- CO_countLabel column indicates, which value must have property "CO_countLabel" inside OD object.
| index | Description | Used by | CO_extensionIO | CO_countLabel |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 | Device type | CANopen, req | no | NMT |
| 1001 | Error register | CANopen, EM, req | no | EM |
| 1002 | Manufacturer status register | |||
| 1003 | Pre-defined error field | EM_HISTORY, opt | yes, own data | |
| 1005 | COB-ID SYNC message | SYNC, req | req if DYNAMIC | SYNC |
| 1006 | Communication cycle period | SYNC_PRODUCER, req | opt | SYNC_PROD |
| 1007 | Synchronous window length | SYNC, opt | opt | |
| 1008 | Manufacturer device name | |||
| 1009 | Manufacturer hardware version | |||
| 100A | Manufacturer software version | |||
| 100C | Guard time | |||
| 100D | Life time factor | |||
| 1010 | Store parameters | |||
| 1011 | Restore default parameters | |||
| 1012 | COB-ID time stamp object | TIME, req | required | TIME |
| 1013 | High resolution time stamp | |||
| 1014 | COB-ID EMCY | EM_PRODUCER, req | required | EM_PROD |
| 1015 | Inhibit time EMCY | EM_PROD_INHIBIT, opt | optional | |
| 1016 | Consumer heartbeat time | HB_CONS, req | optional | HB_CONS |
| 1017 | Producer heartbeat time | CANopen, NMT, req | optional | HB_PROD |
| 1018 | Identity object | CANopen, LSS_SL, req | no | |
| 1019 | Synch. counter overflow value | SYNC, opt | no | |
| 1020 | Verify configuration | |||
| 1021 | Store EDS | |||
| 1022 | Store format | |||
| 1023 | OS command | |||
| 1024 | OS command mode | |||
| 1025 | OS debugger interface | |||
| 1026 | OS prompt | |||
| 1027 | Module list | |||
| 1028 | Emergency consumer object | |||
| 1029 | Error behavior object | |||
| 1200 | SDO server parameter (first) | SDO optional | required | SDO_SRV |
| 1201+ | SDO server parameter | SDO+, req | req if DYNAMIC | SDO_SRV |
| 1280+ | SDO client parameter | SDO_CLI, req | req if DYNAMIC | SDO_CLI |
| 1300 | Global fail-safe command par | GFC, req | GFC | |
| 1301+ | SRDO communication parameter | SRDO, req | SRDO | |
| 1381+ | SRDO mapping parameter | SRDO, req | ||
| 13FE | Configuration valid | SRDO, req | ||
| 13FF | Safety configuration checksum | SRDO, req | ||
| 1400+ | RPDO communication parameter | RPDO, req | req if DYNAMIC | RPDO |
| 1600+ | RPDO mapping parameter | RPDO, req | req if DYNAMIC | |
| 1800+ | TPDO communication parameter | TPDO, req | req if DYNAMIC | TPDO |
| 1A00+ | TPDO mapping parameter | TPDO, req | req if DYNAMIC | |
| 1FA0+ | Object scanner list | |||
| 1FD0+ | Object dispatching list | |||
| Custom objects | ||||
| any | Error status bits | EM_STATUS_BITS, opt | yes, own data | |
| any+ | Trace | TRACE, req | yes, own data | TRACE |